Empire of the German Nation

-governed over mediatization of 1804 where French Republic compensated rulers of left bank of rhine by doing away with all the archduchies except aschaffenburg

-and so War of the French Revolution (1792-1804) comes to an end

-domestic policy very autocratic, metternich is the man

-faced with much less of hre in alignment with him (though prussia pushed to edge, bavaria westphalia and two hesses broadly french-aligned)

-attempts an empire-wide concordat with catholic church, but only small states sign on, most instead do their own concordats

-in 1819 elector of bavaria dies, results in end of montgelas' modernizing absolutist regime, state breaking its alignment with france and instead making it with austria

-in the end, europe comes to Second French War (1821-32) following neapolitan revolution in 1824

-successfully protects papacy by invading latium and making it rump papal state

-faced with financial crisis due to overspending on army

-is forced to make incredibly huge pay cuts in this era

-but is somewhat relieved by the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9) meaning the Hanoverian government deletes a lot of its debts

-Francis II's eldest son widely regarded as severely mentally ill

-and second eldest son dies in Cholera epidemics > 1817-1826 epidemic

-also people fear Austrian war debt being hobbled on the entire empire

-and so unable to get him elected as king of the romans, thus interregnum is result

-instead, elite successfully rallies behind Elector of Mark who is also a Habsburg

-link

-as ruler of only own Electorate was fairly servile in following Austrian interest

-but follows reform interest of Tuscan rulers

-separation of institutions of the Reich from the specifically Habsburg realms

-notably Aulic Council becomes the emperor's council

-in this era pursues era of reforming enlightened despotism with a consultative assembly

-clears out a lot of the old guard

-in favor of a mildly constitutional government and enlightened reform

-however, talk of an elective assembly for the whole Reich dies

-and attempts at reform in specifically Habsburg realms totally fails

-builds a new series of railroads

-a particular link from his Mark to Austria which serves as a trunk for other railroads

-is very influential at this

-sponsors the sciences with several scientific conferences that serve almost as "scientific parliaments"

-in French Wars > Third French War (1847-54) Hungary declares independence

-and inept Austrian administration is unable to do anything about it

-Austrian Archduke leaves office

-with end of war, Handelsverein (Commercial Union) consolidated

-including creation of parliament for it, the Handelstag

-with control broadly over interstate commerce

-and in particular control of railroad policy

-sees Council of Madrid declaring papal infallibility (Roman Catholic Popes > 1839-1858 Pius VII)

-in opposition large section of German Catholic Church breaks off including the Primate of Germany

-sparks imperial crisis

-a number of princes follow their way into breaking off from Roman Catholic Church

-most notably elector of Bavaria

-in the post-1855 era of schism Leopold seeks to resolve it

-not only dealing with his own lands but also with personalist clerics in the several Protestant states who have immediacy and now are having their lands seized

-in the end Leopold able to resolve this by controversially formalizing the split by requiring that Protestant states which seize churches pay restitution

-in practice this is a win for imperial authority which has power to adjudicate the level of restitution

-reformed Reichskammergericht is what has power to adjudicate this

-secures this in the form of a Concordat which, after all, the weakened papacy cannot but accept

-era of religious awakening and revival provoked by papal exile is something Leopold seeks to manage

-fears a second Thirty Years War

-promotes religious toleration to prevent such religious conflict

-and promotes rise of pan-German religious organizations

-now fictional

-seeks the true unification of Germany under his headship

-expands his kingdom a lot and gives him clearer path to national unity

-succeeds and French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4) sees Germany unified

-and comes to final religious settlement beforehand

-gets shot by a Hungarian revolutionary

-with Karl hoping for a son the electors don't elect a King of the Romans

-but with rally round the flag next successor is swiftly elected

-younger brother of Karl VIII

-first thing in office he does is declare war on behalf of Hungarian monarchy against republicans

-resulting in French Wars > Fifth French War (1892-5)

-treaty is humiliation which sees Hungary turned into a republic

-with catastrophic failure of French Wars > Sixth French War (1937-41) forced to resign

-some talk of even abolishing the central monarchy in this period (but rejected cuz too French)

-new constitution issued, turning germany into centralized federal monarchy and democratization is now total

-electors of saxony raised in recognition of it being center of industry, and already very democratic

-fourth college of reichstag established for the people with universal male suffrage and partial female suffrage, with laws requiring assent of both fourth college and of other colleges united

-makes compromise with Kingdom of Bohemia, granting it virtual independence in personal union with austria (now King of Bohemia is the highest title of the habsburgs)

-canny figure

-turns Tellian revolt into something supported by all Empire in French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4)

-despite dispute over its liberal institutions, he accepts it

-aside from it needing to have a hereditary Elector which is pretty weak

-resulting war culminates in unification of Germany under new Perpetual Capitulation

-becomes in the truest sense head of government of Germany postwar

-ultimately leaves office due to profoundly old age

[...]

-originally known as Winston Spencer-Churchill

-forced to Germanize his name with the French Wars > Fifth French War (1892-5)

-widely considered an extremely strong and traditionalist figure

-quite bullish in fighting against France and helps kick off French Wars > Sixth French War (1937-41)

-all the while commits a few atrocities in Euenjigba which makes him controversial today

-or of "Hanover"

-in personal union with British Isles (Heads of British Isles > Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) and its rulers claim title till 1896 (Heads of British Isles > Guelph Line)

-following French Wars > Third French War (1847-54), rising movement for Protestant synods and ecumenism across Germany incl. Hanover

-this goes further when Catholic schism (Roman Catholic Popes > 1839-1858 Pius VII) happens and brings idea of religious reform up into the air

-but as far as George V is concerned this is a movement of Puritan republicanism

-causes major crisis following issuing of catechism

-Source

-spirals out of control

-opponents praised as modern day Luther

-riots all over the place

-and merges with liberal-revolutionary sentiments

-series of uprisings in 1860s against the elector

-due to his stance on church angering many and turning them against him

-does not provoke intervention because it implicates the church issue

-eventually suppressed

-finally other German states push George V to resign

-his successor finally accepts church synod

-brother of Georg VI

-is able to become emperor in 1964 as Heads of Germany > 1964-1984 Ernest (Guelph)

-in a historic event, is a Protestant

-with his failure to be elected he is substituted with Heads of Germany > 1837-1869 Leopold III (Habsburg)

-despite some talk of having him abdicate all his posts he stays on

-a sort of traditionalist opposition to Leopold III gathers around him

-despite this, is forced to succumb to pretty heavy pressure due to the financial crisis

-under influence of reactionary wife engages in increasingly suppressive and absolutist policies

-unconstitutional behavior in Hungary pisses off a lot of aristocrats

-Heads of Germany > 1837-1869 Leopold III (Habsburg) unifies from above Austria and Mark and other parts into commercial union

-results in economic crisis as cheaper goods from rest of Germany flow into it and cause industrial collapse

-after Hungary breaks off at his feeble and inept rule he's forced to abdicate from his offices

-as he is already Emperor, instead continues to govern from Hamm which is so near Frankfurt

-results in a fair bit of dissatisfaction

-alliance with France in War of the French Revolution (1792-1804) sees great success

-and helps expand Bavaria's size a lot

-reign dominated by Maximilian von Montgelas

-his minister who administers over an ambitious program of centralization and modernization

-downfall of Montgelas who he despises

-changes sides in this era to Austrians

-just in time for French Wars > Second French War (1821-32)

-rules over ambitious period of industrialization

-with papal schism (Roman Catholic Popes > 1839-1858 Pius VII) firmly sides with Independent Catholics

-and takes bishops with him

-overturns Concordat because he deems it a threat to sovereignty

-enacts pretty broad constitutional reforms starting in 1861

-to establish strength against Roman Catholic Church and all

-support of the newly strengthened Landtag and new constitutionalist administration

-and Landtag dramatically expanded in electorate size

-he enacts kulturkrieg against Catholic Church in this era

-causes chaos as Roman Catholic Church properties nationalized under Bavarian Independent Catholic Church

-with French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4) he fully supports it

-comes to peace with Roman Catholics and lets off kulturkrieg in this era

-and though does not return Roman Catholic properties, does give them small compensation

-as reign continues, holding of reins over Bavaria loosens

-makes Bavaria into a fairly democratic state, one of the most in Germany

-and dies at age of 95

-successfully carries his realm through difficult situation

-begins period of modernization

-obtains land from Prussia after French Wars > Second French War (1821-32)

-old man who dies soon

-harsh and punitive mediatization to include his newly allocated lands within his realm

-state-strengthening reforms continue with process of consolidation

-intervenes against France with Second French War (1821-32)

-however, in 1825 famine concerns sees declaration of a republic in Stuttgart

-and electorate dissolves in rebellion

-Frederick William formally abdicates then flees

-gets compensated in the form of a smaller kingdom carved out of Prussian soil

-faced with French invasion in its protection

-it accepts this and France absorbs it into Tellian Republic from above

[...]

-Tellgau's Legislative Body formally declares end of French alliance

-France dissolves this, Tellgau requests German aid and begins French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4)

-with end of war, government now appoints an elector, of Thurn and Taxis

-as a popular sovereignty state which preserves most republican institutions

-comes into it during war as general

-and wins support of the people doing his adventuring

-spends most of his time away from Tellgau in Reichstag and lets his viceroy represent him

-which is just the way he likes it

-this guy

-with William II dying

-also Heads of Denmark > 1847-1892 Frederik Vilhelm I

-rules the state from Denmark, but deeply tied to his ancestral home

-replacement for obliteration of Wurttemberg